CAD Severity Is Associated With the Frequency of Early AMD
CAD Severity Is Associated With the Frequency of Early AMD
A total of 1545 participants had information on AMD prevalence and complete data on CAD extent and severity and thus were included in the analyses. The mean age of participants was 61.06±11.62 years (range 23–92 years). Table 1 compares study characteristics of participants and non-participants.
The prevalence of early AMD was 5.8% (n=86), after excluding patients with late AMD in either eye. The overall prevalence of late AMD was 1.4% (n=21), including 0.5% (n=7) neovascular AMD and 0.7% (n=10) atrophic AMD. The prevalence of mixed AMD (neovascular AMD in one eye, with geographic atrophy in the other eye) was 0.3% (n=4). The prevalence of any AMD was 6.9% (n=107). Figures 1 and 2 show the prevalence of early, late and any AMD, stratified by age and sex, respectively.
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Figure 1.
Prevalence of early, late and any age-related macular degeneration (AMD), stratified by age in years.
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Figure 2.
Prevalence of early, late and any age-related macular degeneration (AMD), stratified by sex.
Table 2 shows that the prevalence of early AMD in the AHES was significantly higher than the BMES baseline (BMES-1) prevalence rates for early AMD. The age-standardised prevalence in the AHES was 7.7% (95% CI 6.2% to 9.2%), whereas the age-standardised prevalence in the BMES-1 was 5.0% (95% CI 4.2% to 5.8%). Table 2 also indicates that the prevalence of late AMD was similar between the AHES and BMES samples (2.0% and 2.3%, respectively) although these were based on small numbers.
After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, MABP, history of smoking, diabetes mellitus and AMI, patients with stenosis >50% in any coronary artery segment (segment score) had approximately twofold higher odds of having early AMD than patients without stenosis >50% in any segment, OR 1.95 (95% CI 1.07 to 3.57, p=0.03).
Patients with obstructive coronary stenosis in all three main coronary arteries (vessel score) compared with patients without any obstructive coronary stenosis had greater than twofold higher likelihood of early AMD, multivariable-adjusted OR 2.67 (95% CI 1.24 to 5.78, p=0.01). There was no significant association between the presence of stenotic lesions and prevalent late or any AMD.
Similar results were found when the above analyses were repeated for men only. Men with stenosis >50% (segment score) in any coronary artery segment had approximately twofold higher odds of having early AMD, OR 2.18 (95% CI 1.11 to 4.26, p=0.02). Men with obstructive coronary stenosis in all three main coronary arteries (vessel score) had approximately threefold higher likelihood of early AMD, multivariable-adjusted OR 3.10 (95% CI 1.19 to 8.11, p=0.02). There were no significant associations between the presence of stenotic lesions and early AMD in women.
There was a significant association between Gensini scores and prevalence of early AMD. Table 3 shows that participants in the highest versus lowest tertile of Gensini scores were twice as likely to have early AMD, multivariable-adjusted OR 2.36 (95% CI 1.16 to 4.79, p=0.02).
Again, similar results were found when the above analyses were repeated for men. In men, each unit increase in Gensini score was associated with ~1% increase in the prevalence of early AMD, multivariable-adjusted OR 1.01 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.02, p=0.01). In women, participants in the highest versus lowest tertile of Gensini scores were five times more likely to have early AMD, multivariable-adjusted OR 4.97 (95% CI 1.32 to 18.65, p=0.02). All associations between extent scores and prevalent AMD were non-significant.
Results
AMD Prevalence Among Participants With Suspected CAD
A total of 1545 participants had information on AMD prevalence and complete data on CAD extent and severity and thus were included in the analyses. The mean age of participants was 61.06±11.62 years (range 23–92 years). Table 1 compares study characteristics of participants and non-participants.
The prevalence of early AMD was 5.8% (n=86), after excluding patients with late AMD in either eye. The overall prevalence of late AMD was 1.4% (n=21), including 0.5% (n=7) neovascular AMD and 0.7% (n=10) atrophic AMD. The prevalence of mixed AMD (neovascular AMD in one eye, with geographic atrophy in the other eye) was 0.3% (n=4). The prevalence of any AMD was 6.9% (n=107). Figures 1 and 2 show the prevalence of early, late and any AMD, stratified by age and sex, respectively.
(Enlarge Image)
Figure 1.
Prevalence of early, late and any age-related macular degeneration (AMD), stratified by age in years.
(Enlarge Image)
Figure 2.
Prevalence of early, late and any age-related macular degeneration (AMD), stratified by sex.
Table 2 shows that the prevalence of early AMD in the AHES was significantly higher than the BMES baseline (BMES-1) prevalence rates for early AMD. The age-standardised prevalence in the AHES was 7.7% (95% CI 6.2% to 9.2%), whereas the age-standardised prevalence in the BMES-1 was 5.0% (95% CI 4.2% to 5.8%). Table 2 also indicates that the prevalence of late AMD was similar between the AHES and BMES samples (2.0% and 2.3%, respectively) although these were based on small numbers.
Associations Between the Presence of Stenotic Lesions and Prevalence of AMD
After adjusting for age, sex, ethnicity, BMI, MABP, history of smoking, diabetes mellitus and AMI, patients with stenosis >50% in any coronary artery segment (segment score) had approximately twofold higher odds of having early AMD than patients without stenosis >50% in any segment, OR 1.95 (95% CI 1.07 to 3.57, p=0.03).
Patients with obstructive coronary stenosis in all three main coronary arteries (vessel score) compared with patients without any obstructive coronary stenosis had greater than twofold higher likelihood of early AMD, multivariable-adjusted OR 2.67 (95% CI 1.24 to 5.78, p=0.01). There was no significant association between the presence of stenotic lesions and prevalent late or any AMD.
Similar results were found when the above analyses were repeated for men only. Men with stenosis >50% (segment score) in any coronary artery segment had approximately twofold higher odds of having early AMD, OR 2.18 (95% CI 1.11 to 4.26, p=0.02). Men with obstructive coronary stenosis in all three main coronary arteries (vessel score) had approximately threefold higher likelihood of early AMD, multivariable-adjusted OR 3.10 (95% CI 1.19 to 8.11, p=0.02). There were no significant associations between the presence of stenotic lesions and early AMD in women.
Associations Between Extent and Severity of CAD and Prevalence of AMD
There was a significant association between Gensini scores and prevalence of early AMD. Table 3 shows that participants in the highest versus lowest tertile of Gensini scores were twice as likely to have early AMD, multivariable-adjusted OR 2.36 (95% CI 1.16 to 4.79, p=0.02).
Again, similar results were found when the above analyses were repeated for men. In men, each unit increase in Gensini score was associated with ~1% increase in the prevalence of early AMD, multivariable-adjusted OR 1.01 (95% CI 1.00 to 1.02, p=0.01). In women, participants in the highest versus lowest tertile of Gensini scores were five times more likely to have early AMD, multivariable-adjusted OR 4.97 (95% CI 1.32 to 18.65, p=0.02). All associations between extent scores and prevalent AMD were non-significant.
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